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( A ) ( B ) ( C ) ( Ç ) ( D ) ( E ) ( F ) ( G ) ( Ğ ) ( H ) ( I ) ( İ ) ( J ) ( K ) ( L ) ( M ) ( N ) ( O ) ( Ö ) ( P ) ( R ) ( S ) ( Ş ) ( T ) ( U ) ( Ü ) ( V ) ( W ) ( Y ) ( Z )

ANALİZ

Alm. Analyse (f), Fr. Analyse (f), İng. Analysis. Bir madde içerisindeki bütün veya bir kaç komponentin miktar ve muhtevasını ortaya koyma.

Kimyasal analiz sırasıyla kalitatif ve kantitatif olmak üzere iki basamakta tamamlanır. Bir maddenin hangi bileşenlerden (element veya bileşiklerden) meydana geldiğini bulmaya yarayan analiz dalına “kalitatif”; bu bileşenlerden her birinin ne yüzdede olduğunu bulmaya yarayan analiz dalına da “kantitatif” analiz denir.

Kantitatif analiz, metodlar yönünden klasik ve modern olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Klasik metodlar maddenin ağırlık ve hacim özelliklerine dayanan metodlardır. Maddenin ağırlığı göz önüne alınarak yapılan analize “gravimetrik”, hacim göz önüne alınarak yapılana da “volumetrik analiz” denir. Gravimetrik ve volumetrik analizlerin her ikisi de günümüzde çok kullanılmaktadır. Bilhassa fen ve şehirciliğin gelişmesiyle, medeniyeti tehdit etmeye başlıyan çevre mes’elelerinin tesbiti çalışmaları bu metodların önemini bir kat daha artırmıştır.

Modern metodlara İnstrumental metodlar da denilmekte olup, 1930 yılından sonra hızlı olarak gelişmeye başlamıştır. Bu metodlar, maddenin ışık absorbsiyonu, ışık emisyonu, mağnetik, elektrik, radyoaktiflik gibi özellikleri üzerine kurulmuştur. Bu gün sadece bir özellik üzerine kurulmuş olan metodlar ciltlerle kitap doldurulacak kadar çoğalmıştır. İnstrumental analiz klasik analizden daha hassas, daha az zaman alıcı ve daha kolay olmakla beraber, sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi bakımından uzman kimyacılara ihtiyaç gösterir.

Bir analiz için uygulanacak analiz metodu madde miktarına bağlı olarak değişir. 50 mg’dan daha fazla madde miktarı ile yapılan analize “makro analiz”, 10-50 mg arasındaki miktarla yapılan analize “yarı - mikro analiz” 1-10 mg arasındaki miktarla yapılan analize “mikro analiz”, 0,001-1 mg arasındaki miktarla yapılan analize “ultra-mikro analiz” ve 0,001 mg’ın altında kalan miktarla yapılan analize de “sub-mikro analiz” denir. Mikro, ultra-mikro ve sub-mikro analizlere ilmi çalışmalarda başvurulur.

Bilimin, teknolojinin, kliniklerin ihtiyaçlarına göre çeşitli cihaz ve metodlar geliştirilmiştir. Mesela: Şeker fabrikalarında ayarlanmış polarimetreler yardımıyla şekerpancarındaki şeker oranı ölçülebildiği gibi, kliniklerde kan ve idrardaki üre, şeker, azot ayarlı araçlarla tayin edilebilmektedir.