ahl: people; Ahl al-Bait (an-Nabawî),
immediate relatives of the Prophet (’alaihi ’s-salâm); ahl-al-bid’a, Ahl as-Sunna
(t wa’l-Jamâ’a).
’âlim: scholar trained in
Islamic knowledge and his contemporary science.
Allâhu ta’âlâ:
Allâhu
ta’âlâ to whom all superiority belong.
’amal: (p. a’mâl) deed;
practice of, living up to, ’ilm; ’ibâda.
Amantu: the six fundamentals
of îmân.
âmin: “accept my prayer,
my Allâhu ta’âlâ the Greatest”.
-amru bi
’l-ma’rûf wa ’n-nahyu ’ani ’l-munkar: duty to teach Allah’s commands and to
prevent or to disapprove other’s committing His prohibitions.
-’Arsh: the end of matter
bordering the seven skies and the Kursî, which is outside them and inside the ’Arsh.
’azîma: difficult way of
doing a religious act or affair: taqwâ.
Basmala: the phrase “Bismi’illâhi
’r-rahmâni ’r-rahîm” (In the
Name of Allâhu ta’âlâ the Compassionate, the Merciful).
bâtinî: (’ilm) of heart and soul; Bâtinî, a heretic of Batiniyya.
bid’a: (pl. bida’) false, disliked belief (see ahl) or practice that did not exist in the four
sources of Islam but has been introduced later as an Islamic belief or ’ibâda in expectation of thawâb; heresy.
da’îf: (considered to be)
reported not as genuinely as sahîh; a kind of hadîths.
faid: outpouring that flow
from the guide’s heart to a heart, which thus gains motion, cleanliness and
exaltation; ma’rifa.
faqîr: i) form of
introduction of oneself, meaning poor, humble servant in need of Mercy; ii)
poor Muslim who has more than his subsistence but less than nisâb.
fard: (an act) that
commanded by Allâhu ta’âlâ in the Qur’ân al-karîm; fard ’ain, fard for every Muslim; fard kifâyâ, fard that must be
done at least by one Muslim.
fâsiq: sinful believer,
sinner.
ghazâ: battle against
non-Muslims; ghâzî, one engaged in ghazâ.
hadîth: a saying of the Prophet; the Hadîth, all
the hadîths as a whole; science, books, of hadîths.
haid, nifâs: menstrual,
-Hajaral-aswad: a stone in the wall
of the Ka’ba, touched and kissed by the Prophet, so very estimable.
hajj: fard pilgrimage to Mecca.
halâl: (an act, thing) permitted.
hamd: glory, glorification.
harâm: (an act, thing) forbidden.
hodja: master (esp, in a religious school).
’ibâda: (pl -ât) worship, rite: thawâb.
’îd al ad’hâ: festival of
sacrifices and hajj.
ikhlâs: (quality, intention or state of)
doing everything only for Allâhu ta’âlâ’s sake; sincerity.
’ilm: knowledge, science, ’ilm al-’aqâ’id or -kalâm = ’ilm al-fiqh = fiqh; ’ilm al-hadîth, science of hadîths;
’ilm al-hal, (books of Islamic teachings of one madhhab) ordered to be learned
by every Muslim; ’ilm
al-qirâ’a, science
of the Qur’ân; ’ilm
as-sulûk = tasawwuf.
imâm: i) profound ’âlim; founder of a
madhhab; ii) leader in congregational salât; iii) caliph.
inshâ-Allâh: ‘if Allâhu ta’âlâ
wills’.
i’tikâf: retreat, religious seclusion during
Ramadân.
i’tiqâd: faith, îmân.
junub: state of a Muslim needing ablution of
his whole body.
-Ka’ba: the big room in al-Masjîd al-Harâm.
kâfir: non-Muslim; one guilty of kufr.
kalâm: (the knowledge of) îmân in Islam.
kalimat at-tawhîd
karâma: (p. -ât) miracle worked by Allah
through a wâlî.
kashf: revelation.
khalîfa: (p. khulafâ’) caliph; Khulafâ’
ar-Râshidîn, the Prophet’s immediate four caliphs.
Khawârij: (Khârijîs) those heretical
Mulims hostile to Ahl al-Bait.
khutba: the preaching delievered at mosque.
kufr: (intention statement or action
causing) infidelity, unbelief.
-kutub as-sitta: the six great,
authentic books of the Hadîth.
ma’ârif: pl. of ma’rifa.
madrasa: Islamic school or university.
mahram: within the forbidden (harâm) degrees of relationship for marriage (nikâh).
makrûh: (act, thing) improper, disliked and
abstained by the Prophet: makrûh-tahrîma,
prohibited
with much stress.
ma’rifa: knowledge about Allâhu ta’âlâ’s Dhât (Essence, Person) and Sifât (Attributes), inspired to
ma’rûf: good acts approved
by Islam.
mashhûr: ‘well-known’ among ’ulamâ’; a kind of hadîths.
masjid: mosque: al-Masjid al-Harâm, the great mosque in
Mecca.
mawdû’: a kind of hadîths.
mihrâb: niche of a mosque
indicating the direction of Mecca.
mubâh: (act) that neither
ordered nor prohibited; permitted.
mudarris: professor at
madrasa.
mufassir: expert scholar of
tafsîr.
muftî: ’âlim authorized to
issue fatwâ.
mujâhid: a Muslim who tries
to spread Islam by means of publication, speech or struggle.
mu’jîza: (pl. -ât) miracle worked by Allâhu ta’âlâ through a prophet.
munâfiq: hypocrite in the
disguise of a Muslim though he believes in another religion.
nafs: a force in man which
wants him to harm himself religiously; an-nafs al-ammâra.
nass: (general term for an
âyat or a hadîth.)
nikâh: Islamic act of
engagement for marriage.
nisâb: minimum quantity of
specified wealth which makes one liable to do some certain duties.
-Qabr as-Sa’âda: the Prophet’s shrine.
qadâ: the instance of
happening or creation of what is predestined; qadar, predestination of everything as Allâhu ta’âlâ has decreed from
eternity.
qibla: direction towards
the Ka’ba.
qiyâs: (of a mujtahid) to
resemble, to compare, an affair not clearly stated in the Qur’ân, Hadîth or ijmâ’ to a similar one stated clearly;
conclusion drawn from such comparison; ijtihâd.
qutb: a walî of highest
degree.
Rabb: Allâhu ta’âlâ as the
Creator and ‘Trainer’.
rak’a: unit of salât.
Rasûlullâh: Muhammad, the Prophet of Allâhu ta’âlâ.
ribâ: charging or paying
interest.
ru’ûs: final exam at the
university level madrasa.
sahâbî: (pl. as-Sahâba) Muslim who saw the Prophet at least once; a
companion of the Prophet.
sahîh: i) valid, lawful;
ii) (hadîth) authentic soundly
transmitted.
Salaf
as-sâlihîn: as-Sahâba and the distinguished ones among the Tâbi’ûn and their companions.
sâlih: one who is pious and abstains from sins.
sâlik: one who is on a
certain way in tasawwuf.
shafâ’a: intercession.
shirk: (statement, action
causing) polytheism; ascribing a partner to Allâhu ta’âlâ.
suhba: companionship;
company of a prophet or walî.
sulahâ: pl. of sâlih.
sultan
al-Haramain: ruler of Mecca and Medina; Khâdim al-Haramain, one who serves Mecca and Medina.
sunna: an act (done and
liked by the Prophet as an ’ibâda) for which there is
thawâb if done, but sin if
continually omitted and kufr if disliked; the Sunna, i) (with fard) all sunnas as a
whole; ii) (with the Book) the Hadîth; iii) (alone) the Sharî’a.
sûra (t): a chapter of the
Qur’ân.
tâ’a: those acts that are
liked by Allâhu ta’âlâ.
ta’addud
az-zawjât: (permission
for) a Muslim man’s marrying up to four women.
-Tâbi’ûn: successors of as-Sahâba.
tafsîr: (a book of, the
science of) interpretation of the Qur’ân.
taqwâ: fearing Allâhu
ta’âlâ; abstention from harâms, practising ’azîmas.
tarîqa: a ‘away’ or school
of tasawwuf, defined by Islamic scholars.
tashaffu’: asking shafâ’a.
tawakkul: trust in expectation
of everything from Allâhu ta’âlâ.
tawâtur: state of being
wide-spread, which is a document for authenticity and against denial.
tawhîd: (belief in) the
Oneness, unicity, of Allâhu ta’âlâ.
thawâb: (unit of) reward in
Paradise.
’ulamâ’: pl. of ’âlim; ’ulamâ’ ar-râsihîn, those learned in
both zâhirî and bâtinî sciences.
umma: the community, body
of believers, of a prophet.
’umra: minor (not fard but
sunna) pilgrimage to Mecca.
usûl: i) methodology or
fundamentals of a religious science; ii) methodologies of basic Islamic
sciences.
wahî, wahy: the knowledge
revealed to the Prophet from Allâhu ta’âlâ.
walî: one loved and
protected (by Allâhu ta’âlâ).
waqf: a pious foundation.
wara’: abstention from
mushtabihât (doubtful things).
wilâya: state of being a
walî.
zâhid: a man of
zuhd; ascetic.
zâhirî: antonyme of bâtinî.
zindîq: an antheist who
pretends to be a Muslim.
zuhd: not setting one’s
heart on worldly things, even mubâhs.