There are seven conditions under which one is unable to find water or,
even if he can find it, he cannot use it to make an ablution or ghusl:
1 - He who is one mile away from a source of water makes a tayammum,
provided he should make the proper intentions. One mile is equal to four
thousand zrā, which equals
2 - A sick person can make a tayammum if it is understood that having
an ablution, ghusl or moving will worsen the sickness and delay the healing,
either from his own experience or from the words of a specialized Muslim doctor
who does not commit sins openly.
3 - If a person is too ill to make a ghusl or ablution or cannot find
anybody to help him even for money, he will make a
tayammum. He who cannot make a tayammum even with
help does not perform the namāz, but he performs it when he recovers. It is not
wājib for a husband and wife to help each other to make an ablution.
4 - If there is the danger that a person may die or become ill because
of cold when he makes a ghusl, if he does not have enough money to go to a bath
and has no other alternative, even if he is in a city, he makes a tayammum
intead of a ghusl and makes an ablution with water.
5 - If water is close but there is an enemy, a wild or poisonous
animal, a fire or a guard near the water, or if he is imprisoned, or if someone
threatens him with death or takes away his possessions if he makes an ablution,
he makes a tayammum instead and performs the namāz. But since these are caused
by creatures, he has to perform his namāz again after he makes a ghusl and
ablution.
6 - If a traveller has extra water which he and his comrades need to
drink, to clean themselves of najāsat or to give to their animals, he makes a
tayammum. If he makes a ghusl with the water and performs the namāz with
najāsat on his clothes it will be accepted, but he will be sinful. If he first
makes a tayammum and them removes the najāsat, he will have to make a tayammum
again. For one cannot make tayammum while there is water. If a person who is
junub finds water enough to wash his body partly or to make an ablution, he
makes one tayammum for ablution and ghusl. If his ablution breaks after the
tayammum, he makes an ablution with the water. When the water poured on the
body in ablution and ghusl falls down somewhere [not on ones clothes], it
becomes foul and one cannot drink it. But it can be given to animals to drink.
A person who is about to die from thirst buys water from someone who has extra
water. If the latter will not sell it, the former takes it by force, by
fighting or threatening. Water to be used for ablution cannot be taken by
force.
7 - If a person cannot find a bucket or a rope to lift water out of a
well, or a person to go down a well for money, he makes a tayammum, and does
not have to perform his namāz again when he finds water.
Halabī writes at the end of
the subject concerning masah: If a person has chaps, eczema or some other
wound on one or both of his hands so that it is harmful to moisten them, he
cannot make an ablution. According to Imām-i azam, it is mustahab for someone
else to help for friendships sake or for money a
person to make an ablution who cannot make an ablution for the reason mentioned
above. If he makes a tayammum and performs the namāz without asking someone
else for help, his namāz will be accepted. If he cannot get help or find money,
it is permissible for him to make a tayammum according to the Imāmayn, too.
Hence it is understood that it is necessary for him to make an ablution by
wearing, if he can, a glove on his wounded hands.
In case one makes a tayammum for one of the reasons written above, the
tayammum expires when the reason ceases to exist. If another reason arises
before the first reason ceases to exist, and then the first reason ceases to
exist, the first tayammum again expires. One has to make a tayammum again.
A person without an ablution or ghusl can make a tayammum even when
there is water lest he will miss the prayer of Bayram (Iyd) or janāza. If
there is the fear that he may miss Friday prayer or any of the five daily
prayers, he cannot make a tayammum when there is water. Ghusl or ablution is
necessary. If the time of prayer is over he performs it later. For example, a
person who wakes up and sees that he is junub when the sunrise is close at hand
makes a ghusl hastily. If the sun rises, he performs his morning prayer
together with its sunnat half an hour later.
Tayammum means to intend.
1 - To intend to purify oneself of janābat or from the state of being
without an ablution. If a person without an ablution makes a tayammum in order
to teach his disciple, he cannot perform namāz with it.
Intending for tayammum only is not enough for performing the namāz with
the tayammum. It is also necessary to intend to do something which is an ibādet
(worship), for example, to intend to make a tayammum in order to perform janāza
namāz, to make sajda-i tilāwat, or to intend only to make a tayammum instead of
an ablution or a ghusl.
When intending for a tayammum it is not necessary to separate ablution
and ghusl from each other. By intending for an ablution, one becomes purified
from janābat, too. One can perform namāz with the tayammum one
has made in order to be purified from janābat. A
second tayammum for an ablution is unnecessary.
2 - Both sleeves should be rolled up to above the elbows and the two
palms should be rubbed on clean soil, stone or on a wall plastered with lime.
Then one must make masah on the face with both palms once, that is, rub them on
the face gently with at least three fingers touching the face. If any part of
the face or arms as large as the point of a pin is left untouched by the hands,
the tayammum will not be sahīh.
[To make a perfect masah on the face, the two open-hand palms, with
four fingers of each hand closed together and with the two long fingers of both
hands touching each other, are put on the forehead, the fingers on the
hairline, and moved slowly down towards the chin. The fingers, in a level line,
must be rubbed on the forehead, on the eye-lids, on both sides of the nose, on
the lips, and on the facial part of the chin. Meanwhile the palms will be
rubbed on the cheeks.]
3 - After putting both hands on the soil for a second time and clapping
the hands so as to shake the excessive dust and soil off, first rub the inner
parts of the four fingers of the left hand on the outer face of the right arm
from the tip of the fingers to the elbow, then rub the left palm on the inner
face of the right arm from the elbow down to the palm, and then rub the inner
part of the left thumb on the outer part of the right thumb. All rings must be
removed, and masah must be made on the sides of the fingers of each hand with
the fingers of the other hand. Then rub the right hand likewise on the left
arm. The palms must be rubbed on the soil, but the dust and soil need not be
left on the hands.
The Tayammum for an ablution and for a ghusl is the same.
1 - To put the palms on the soil.
2 - To move the palms back and forth on the soil.
3 - If there is soil left on the palms, to clap the hands together
with the thumbs until there is no soil left.
4 - To open the fingers while putting the hands on the soil.
5 - To start in the Basmala (in the name of Allahu taālā).
6 - To make masah first on the face, then on the arms.
7 - To perform in the quick manner of an ablution.
8 - If a traveller (musāfir) knows that there is water within a mile,
it is fard for him to look for it; if he is only estimating, it is sunnat.
9 - To make masah first on the right, then on the left arm.
10 - To put the hands on the soil strongly as if hitting.
11 - To make masah on the arms as described above.
12 - To make masah between the fingers.
A person who does not have water is permitted to become junub.
Tayammum can be made with any sort of clean earthen thing even if there
is no dust on it.
Things that burn and turn into ashes or that can be melted by heat are
not earthen. Therefore, tayammum cannot be made with trees, grass, wood, iron,
brass, painted walls, copper, gold or glass. It can be made with sand. It cannot
be made with pearls or corals. It can be made with lime, plaster of Paris,
washed marble, cement, faience that is not glazed, porcelain, earthenware pans,
or mud. If there is mud only, tayammum can be made with it, if the water in it
is less than fifty percent. If the water is more than fifty percent, a piece of
cloth must be soaked with it, dried against the wind, and then tayammum can be
made with the dusty cloth. Tayammum cannot be made with muddy water. But an
ablution can be made with it. A tayammum can be made on a wall whitewashed with
lime. When the hands are put on things with which a tayammum is not
permissible, such as wheat, tissue, clothes, cushions, or if the hands become
dusty with the dust (that comes) from things with which a tayammum is
permissible, or with ashes, or if the dust or ashes fly about in the air when
the hands are clapped, a tayammum can be made with them. The case is not so
with the organic dusts resting on household things. Several people can make a
tayammum on the same soil. For soil and the like do not become mustamal when
they are used for tayammum. The dust that falls from the hands and face after a
tayammum is mustamal.
When something is the mixture of something that can be used for
tayammum and something which cannot, it will be named after the component that
is more than half. In the Hanafī Madh-hab, it is permissible to make a tayammum
before any prayer time and to perform various prayers with one tayammum. In the
other three Madhhabs, a tayammum becomes void when the prayer time is over.When
a musāfir (traveller) strongly believes through its signs or after being
informed by a sane, pubescent and just[1] Muslim that he will find water at a distance less
than a mile [1920 metres], in Mālikī less than two miles, it is fard for him to
look for water by walking or sending somebody for one hundred zrā [two hundred
metres] in each direction, or if possible, by just looking. If he does not have
a strong expectation, he does not have to search for water. If a person who has
an honest friend with him makes a tayammum without asking about water and
starts to perform the namāz and then is told that there is water, he makes an
ablution and performs the namāz again. It is permissible to perform the namāz
with a tayammum while water is more than a mile away. A person who forgets that
there is water among his provisions can perform the namāz with a tayammum if he
is not in a city, a village [or in any inhabited place]. If a person who thinks
his water has run out finds that he does have water after the namāz, he
performs the namāz again which he performed with a tayammum. Likewise, when a
person who performs the namāz without an ablution remembers that he does not
have an ablution, he performs the namāz again.
It is wājib for a musāfir to ask for water from others. If they do not
give him water, he performs the namāz with a tayammum. If a musāfirs friend
sells water for its current price, the musāfir who has extra money has to buy
it. If its owner sells it by Ghaban-i fāhish,
that is, by extreme cheating, or if the musāfir does not have the money to buy
it for its current price, he is permitted to perform the namāz with a tayammum.
Ghaban-i fāhish means more than twice
its current market value. The case is the same with a naked person buying some
cloth to cover his
---------------------------------
[1] The
term "ādil Muslim', along with its antonym, 'fāsiq Muslim', is defined
by way of a footnote in the tenth chapter.
awrat (private) parts. But a thirsty person is
permitted to buy high priced water to drink. In a desert, one must ask for a
rope and a bucket from ones comrade. One can make a tayammum while there is
water placed on the way especially for drinking. Ibni Ābidīn rahmat-ullāhi
taālā alaih writes in the fifth volume: It is not permissible to make an
ablution with the water set aside for drinking. One should make a tayammum.
If there is a little free [mubāh] water, a person who is junub must
wash himself before a menstruating woman, a person without an ablution, or a
dead Muslim. The owner of the water has precedence over others. When water
belonging to different owners is brought together, a dead Muslim must be washed
first.
The way for a hadji [Muslim pilgrim] to avoid using up the zamzam water
he has with him for ablution is to change its name from pure water by putting
something in it, such as sugar or roses. Or he must give it to a person whom he
trusts as a present that cannot be returned. If the person given the present
gives a small present in response, the former owner cannot take his present
back.
If a junub person loses his ablution after making a tayammum, he does
not become junub in Hanafī but he becomes junub in Mālikī Madhhab. If there is
little water he makes an ablution only.
When water more than is needed for drinking, washing najāsat, and
making bread is found, the tayammum becomes annulled. If one finds it while
performing namāz, ones namāz becomes annulled, too. If one passes by the water
while sleeping in a vehicle, ones ablution by way of a tayammum becomes
annulled because one has slept. If one cannot get off the vehicle to make an
ablution though one has been awake, the tayammum does not become annulled.
If more than half of the surface of a junub persons body has a
disease, such as a wound, small-pox or scarlet fever, he makes a tayammum. If
major part of his skin is healthy and if it is possible to wash himself without
moistening the diseased parts, he makes a ghusl with water and makes masah on
the diseased parts. If masah would cause harm, he puts one or several clothes
on the diseased parts and makes masah on them. A person whose hands are
diseased puts his feet and face into
water. If he cannot do this he makes a tayammum. A
sick person who can get help from someone in order to make an ablution does not
make a tayammum. If it is impossible for him to wash without moistening the
wounded parts, he makes a tayammum. If more than half of all his limbs of
ablution or three or all four of his limbs of ablution are wounded, he makes a
tayammum. If a tayammum would cause harm he omits the prayer. If they are
equal, he must not make a tayammum. It is not permissible for a person who makes
a tayammum to wash some of his limbs. There are thirty-four such things that
cannot be done at the same time. Though it was said, He who has such a
headache that he cannot make masah on his head can make a tayammum in place of
an ablution, and he who cannot wash his head can make a tayammum in place of a
ghusl, this word must not be acted upon, because the fatwā which states that
they both will lapse was issued beforehand.
Think of the
endless world, do not adore a shadow,
Read the Sunnite book, do not be obstinate,
Wake up as
you can, do not miss the chance,
Do not form habits that will burn eternally.
Be mustaqīm, hadrat Allah will not embarrass thee!
Seeing this
unawareness, the devil will mock thee,
Come to
yourself, my dear, do not let the accursed ape thee.
Do not be mundane, give up pomp and fame,
Beautiful
morals is what most becomes to thee.
Be mustaqīm, hadrat Allah will not embarrass thee!